Parameters: Python (PICMI)

This documents on how to use WarpX as a Python script (e.g., python3 PICMI_script.py).

WarpX uses the PICMI standard for its Python input files. Complete example input files can be found in the examples section.

In the input file, instances of classes are created defining the various aspects of the simulation. A variable of type pywarpx.picmi.Simulation is the central object to which all other options are passed, defining the simulation time, field solver, registered species, etc.

Once the simulation is fully configured, it can be used in one of two modes. Interactive use is the most common and can be extended with custom runtime functionality:

step(): run directly from Python

write_input_file(): create an inputs file for a WarpX executable

When run directly from Python, one can also extend WarpX with further custom user logic. See the detailed workflow page on how to extend WarpX from Python.

Simulation and Grid Setup

class pywarpx.picmi.Simulation(solver=None, time_step_size=None, max_steps=None, max_time=None, verbose=None, particle_shape='linear', gamma_boost=None, load_balancing=None, **kw)[source]

Creates a Simulation object

Parameters:

  • solver (field solver instance) – This is the field solver to be used in the simulation. It should be an instance of field solver classes.

  • time_step_size (float) – Absolute time step size of the simulation [s]. Needed if the CFL is not specified elsewhere.

  • max_steps (integer) – Maximum number of time steps. Specify either this, or max_time, or use the step function directly.

  • max_time (float) – Maximum physical time to run the simulation [s]. Specify either this, or max_steps, or use the step function directly.

  • verbose (integer, optional) – Verbosity flag. A larger integer results in more verbose output

  • particle_shape ({'NGP', 'linear', 'quadratic', 'cubic'}) – Default particle shape for species added to this simulation

  • gamma_boost – Lorentz factor of the boosted simulation frame. Note that all input values should be in the lab frame.

See Input Parameters for more information.

Parameters:

  • warpx_evolve_scheme (solver scheme instance, optional) – Which evolve scheme to use

  • warpx_current_deposition_algo ({'direct', 'esirkepov', and 'vay'}, optional) – Current deposition algorithm. The default depends on conditions.

  • warpx_charge_deposition_algo ({'standard'}, optional) – Charge deposition algorithm.

  • warpx_field_gathering_algo ({'energy-conserving', 'momentum-conserving'}, optional) – Field gathering algorithm. The default depends on conditions.

  • warpx_particle_pusher_algo ({'boris', 'vay', 'higuera'}, default='boris') – Particle pushing algorithm.

  • warpx_use_filter (bool, optional) – Whether to use filtering. The default depends on the conditions.

  • warpx_do_multi_J (bool, default=0) – Whether to use the multi-J algorithm, where current deposition and field update are performed multiple times within each time step.

  • warpx_do_multi_J_n_depositions (integer) – Number of sub-steps to use with the multi-J algorithm, when warpx_do_multi_J=1. Note that this input parameter is not optional and must always be set in all input files where warpx.do_multi_J=1. No default value is provided automatically.

  • warpx_grid_type ({'collocated', 'staggered', 'hybrid'}, default='staggered') – Whether to use a collocated grid (all fields defined at the cell nodes), a staggered grid (fields defined on a Yee grid), or a hybrid grid (fields and currents are interpolated back and forth between a staggered grid and a collocated grid, must be used with momentum-conserving field gathering algorithm).

  • warpx_do_current_centering (bool, optional) – If true, the current is deposited on a nodal grid and then centered to a staggered grid (Yee grid), using finite-order interpolation. Default: warpx.do_current_centering=0 with collocated or staggered grids, warpx.do_current_centering=1 with hybrid grids.

  • warpx_field_centering_nox/noy/noz (integer, optional) – The order of interpolation used with staggered or hybrid grids (warpx_grid_type=staggered or warpx_grid_type=hybrid) and momentum-conserving field gathering (warpx_field_gathering_algo=momentum-conserving) to interpolate the electric and magnetic fields from the cell centers to the cell nodes, before gathering the fields from the cell nodes to the particle positions. Default: warpx_field_centering_no<x,y,z>=2 with staggered grids, warpx_field_centering_no<x,y,z>=8 with hybrid grids (typically necessary to ensure stability in boosted-frame simulations of relativistic plasmas and beams).

  • warpx_current_centering_nox/noy/noz (integer, optional) – The order of interpolation used with hybrid grids (warpx_grid_type=hybrid) to interpolate the currents from the cell nodes to the cell centers when warpx_do_current_centering=1, before pushing the Maxwell fields on staggered grids. Default: warpx_current_centering_no<x,y,z>=8 with hybrid grids (typically necessary to ensure stability in boosted-frame simulations of relativistic plasmas and beams).

  • warpx_serialize_initial_conditions (bool, default=False) – Controls the random numbers used for initialization. This parameter should only be used for testing and continuous integration.

  • warpx_random_seed (string or int, optional) – (See documentation)

  • warpx_do_dynamic_scheduling (bool, default=True) – Whether to do dynamic scheduling with OpenMP

  • warpx_roundrobin_sfc (bool, default=False) – Whether to use the RRSFC strategy for making DistributionMapping

  • warpx_load_balance_intervals (string, default='0') – The intervals for doing load balancing

  • warpx_load_balance_efficiency_ratio_threshold (float, default=1.1) – (See documentation)

  • warpx_load_balance_with_sfc (bool, default=0) – (See documentation)

  • warpx_load_balance_knapsack_factor (float, default=1.24) – (See documentation)

  • warpx_load_balance_costs_update ({'heuristic' or 'timers'}, optional) – (See documentation)

  • warpx_costs_heuristic_particles_wt (float, optional) – (See documentation)

  • warpx_costs_heuristic_cells_wt (float, optional) – (See documentation)

  • warpx_use_fdtd_nci_corr (bool, optional) – Whether to use the NCI correction when using the FDTD solver

  • warpx_amr_check_input (bool, optional) – Whether AMReX should perform checks on the input (primarily related to the max grid size and blocking factors)

  • warpx_amr_restart (string, optional) – The name of the restart to use

  • warpx_amrex_the_arena_is_managed (bool, optional) – Whether to use managed memory in the AMReX Arena

  • warpx_amrex_the_arena_init_size (long int, optional) – The amount of memory in bytes to allocate in the Arena.

  • warpx_amrex_use_gpu_aware_mpi (bool, optional) – Whether to use GPU-aware MPI communications

  • warpx_zmax_plasma_to_compute_max_step (float, optional) – Sets the simulation run time based on the maximum z value

  • warpx_compute_max_step_from_btd (bool, default=0) – If specified, automatically calculates the number of iterations required in the boosted frame for all back-transformed diagnostics to be completed.

  • warpx_collisions (collision instance, optional) – The collision instance specifying the particle collisions

  • warpx_embedded_boundary (embedded boundary instance, optional) –

  • warpx_break_signals (list of strings) – Signals on which to break

  • warpx_checkpoint_signals (list of strings) – Signals on which to write out a checkpoint

  • warpx_synchronize_velocity (bool, default=False) – Flags whether the particle velocities are synchronized in time with the positions in the diagnostics. When False, the particles are one half step behind the positions (except for the final diagnostic).

  • warpx_numprocs (list of ints (1 in 1D, 2 in 2D, 3 in 3D)) – Domain decomposition on the coarsest level. The domain will be chopped into the exact number of pieces in each dimension as specified by this parameter. https://warpx.readthedocs.io/en/latest/usage/parameters.html#distribution-across-mpi-ranks-and-parallelization https://warpx.readthedocs.io/en/latest/usage/domain_decomposition.html#simple-method

  • warpx_sort_intervals (string, optional (defaults: -1 on CPU; 4 on GPU)) – Using the Intervals parser syntax, this string defines the timesteps at which particles are sorted. If <=0, do not sort particles. It is turned on on GPUs for performance reasons (to improve memory locality).

  • warpx_sort_particles_for_deposition (bool, optional (default: true for the CUDA backend, otherwise false)) – This option controls the type of sorting used if particle sorting is turned on, i.e. if sort_intervals is not <=0. If true, particles will be sorted by cell to optimize deposition with many particles per cell, in the order x -> y -> z -> ppc. If false, particles will be sorted by bin, using the sort_bin_size parameter below, in the order ppc -> x -> y -> z. true is recommended for best performance on NVIDIA GPUs, especially if there are many particles per cell.

  • warpx_sort_idx_type (list of int, optional (default: 0 0 0)) –

    This controls the type of grid used to sort the particles when sort_particles_for_deposition is true. Possible values are:

    • idx_type = {0, 0, 0}: Sort particles to a cell centered grid,

    • idx_type = {1, 1, 1}: Sort particles to a node centered grid,

    • idx_type = {2, 2, 2}: Compromise between a cell and node centered grid.

    In 2D (XZ and RZ), only the first two elements are read. In 1D, only the first element is read.

  • warpx_sort_bin_size (list of int, optional (default 1 1 1)) – If sort_intervals is activated and sort_particles_for_deposition is false, particles are sorted in bins of sort_bin_size cells. In 2D, only the first two elements are read.

  • warpx_used_inputs_file (string, optional) – The name of the text file that the used input parameters is written to,

  • warpx_reduced_diags_path (string, optional) – Sets the default path for reduced diagnostic output files

  • warpx_reduced_diags_extension (string, optional) – Sets the default extension for reduced diagnostic output files

  • warpx_reduced_diags_intervals (string, optional) – Sets the default intervals for reduced diagnostic output files

  • warpx_reduced_diags_separator (string, optional) – Sets the default separator for reduced diagnostic output files

  • warpx_reduced_diags_precision (integer, optional) – Sets the default precision for reduced diagnostic output files

add_applied_field(applied_field)

Add an applied field

Parameters:

applied_field (applied field instance) – One of the applied field instance. Specifies the properties of the applied field.

add_laser(laser, injection_method)

Add a laser pulses that to be injected in the simulation

Parameters:

  • laser_profile (laser instance) – One of laser profile instances. Specifies the physical properties of the laser pulse (e.g. spatial and temporal profile, wavelength, amplitude, etc.).

  • injection_method (laser injection instance, optional) – Specifies how the laser is injected (numerically) into the simulation (e.g. through a laser antenna, or directly added to the mesh). This argument describes an algorithm, not a physical object. It is up to each code to define the default method of injection, if the user does not provide injection_method.

add_species(species, layout, initialize_self_field=None)

Add species to be used in the simulation

Parameters:

  • species (species instance) – An instance of one of the PICMI species objects. Defines species to be added from the physical point of view (e.g. charge, mass, initial distribution of particles).

  • layout (layout instance) – An instance of one of the PICMI particle layout objects. Defines how particles are added into the simulation, from the numerical point of view.

  • initialize_self_field (bool, optional) – Whether the initial space-charge fields of this species is calculated and added to the simulation

step(nsteps=None, mpi_comm=None)[source]

Run the simulation for nsteps timesteps

Parameters:

nsteps (integer, default=1) – The number of timesteps

write_input_file(file_name='inputs')[source]

Write the parameters of the simulation, as defined in the PICMI input, into a code-specific input file.

This can be used for codes that are not Python-driven (e.g. compiled, pure C++ or Fortran codes) and expect a text input in a given format.

Parameters:

file_name (string) – The path to the file that will be created

class pywarpx.picmi.Cartesian3DGrid(number_of_cells=None, lower_bound=None, upper_bound=None, lower_boundary_conditions=None, upper_boundary_conditions=None, nx=None, ny=None, nz=None, xmin=None, xmax=None, ymin=None, ymax=None, zmin=None, zmax=None, bc_xmin=None, bc_xmax=None, bc_ymin=None, bc_ymax=None, bc_zmin=None, bc_zmax=None, moving_window_velocity=None, refined_regions=[], lower_bound_particles=None, upper_bound_particles=None, xmin_particles=None, xmax_particles=None, ymin_particles=None, ymax_particles=None, zmin_particles=None, zmax_particles=None, lower_boundary_conditions_particles=None, upper_boundary_conditions_particles=None, bc_xmin_particles=None, bc_xmax_particles=None, bc_ymin_particles=None, bc_ymax_particles=None, bc_zmin_particles=None, bc_zmax_particles=None, guard_cells=None, pml_cells=None, **kw)[source]

Three dimensional Cartesian grid Parameters can be specified either as vectors or separately. (If both are specified, the vector is used.)

Parameters:

  • number_of_cells (vector of integers) – Number of cells along each axis (number of nodes is number_of_cells+1)

  • lower_bound (vector of floats) – Position of the node at the lower bound [m]

  • upper_bound (vector of floats) – Position of the node at the upper bound [m]

  • lower_boundary_conditions (vector of strings) – Conditions at lower boundaries, periodic, open, dirichlet, absorbing_silver_mueller, or neumann

  • upper_boundary_conditions (vector of strings) – Conditions at upper boundaries, periodic, open, dirichlet, absorbing_silver_mueller, or neumann

  • nx (integer) – Number of cells along X (number of nodes=nx+1)

  • ny (integer) – Number of cells along Y (number of nodes=ny+1)

  • nz (integer) – Number of cells along Z (number of nodes=nz+1)

  • xmin (float) – Position of first node along X [m]

  • xmax (float) – Position of last node along X [m]

  • ymin (float) – Position of first node along Y [m]

  • ymax (float) – Position of last node along Y [m]

  • zmin (float) – Position of first node along Z [m]

  • zmax (float) – Position of last node along Z [m]

  • bc_xmin (string) – Boundary condition at min X: One of periodic, open, dirichlet, absorbing_silver_mueller, or neumann

  • bc_xmax (string) – Boundary condition at max X: One of periodic, open, dirichlet, absorbing_silver_mueller, or neumann

  • bc_ymin (string) – Boundary condition at min Y: One of periodic, open, dirichlet, absorbing_silver_mueller, or neumann

  • bc_ymax (string) – Boundary condition at max Y: One of periodic, open, dirichlet, absorbing_silver_mueller, or neumann

  • bc_zmin (string) – Boundary condition at min Z: One of periodic, open, dirichlet, absorbing_silver_mueller, or neumann

  • bc_zmax (string) – Boundary condition at max Z: One of periodic, open, dirichlet, absorbing_silver_mueller, or neumann

  • moving_window_velocity (vector of floats, optional) – Moving frame velocity [m/s]

  • refined_regions (list of lists, optional) – List of refined regions, each element being a list of the format [level, lo, hi, refinement_factor], with level being the refinement level, with 1 being the first level of refinement, 2 being the second etc, lo and hi being vectors of length 3 specifying the extent of the region, and refinement_factor defaulting to [2,2,2] (relative to next lower level)

  • lower_bound_particles (vector of floats, optional) – Position of particle lower bound [m]

  • upper_bound_particles (vector of floats, optional) – Position of particle upper bound [m]

  • xmin_particles (float, optional) – Position of min particle boundary along X [m]

  • xmax_particles (float, optional) – Position of max particle boundary along X [m]

  • ymin_particles (float, optional) – Position of min particle boundary along Y [m]

  • ymax_particles (float, optional) – Position of max particle boundary along Y [m]

  • float (zmin_particles) – Position of min particle boundary along Z [m]

  • optional – Position of min particle boundary along Z [m]

  • zmax_particles (float, optional) – Position of max particle boundary along Z [m]

  • lower_boundary_conditions_particles (vector of strings, optional) – Conditions at lower boundaries for particles, periodic, absorbing, reflect or thermal

  • upper_boundary_conditions_particles (vector of strings, optional) – Conditions at upper boundaries for particles, periodic, absorbing, reflect or thermal

  • bc_xmin_particles (string, optional) – Boundary condition at min X for particles: One of periodic, absorbing, reflect, thermal

  • bc_xmax_particles (string, optional) – Boundary condition at max X for particles: One of periodic, absorbing, reflect, thermal

  • bc_ymin_particles (string, optional) – Boundary condition at min Y for particles: One of periodic, absorbing, reflect, thermal

  • bc_ymax_particles (string, optional) – Boundary condition at max Y for particles: One of periodic, absorbing, reflect, thermal

  • bc_zmin_particles (string, optional) – Boundary condition at min Z for particles: One of periodic, absorbing, reflect, thermal

  • bc_zmax_particles (string, optional) – Boundary condition at max Z for particles: One of periodic, absorbing, reflect, thermal

  • guard_cells (vector of integers, optional) – Number of guard cells used along each direction

  • pml_cells (vector of integers, optional) – Number of Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) cells along each direction

References

absorbing_silver_mueller: A local absorbing boundary condition that works best under normal incidence angle. Based on the Silver-Mueller Radiation Condition, e.g., in

See Input Parameters for more information.

Parameters:

  • warpx_max_grid_size (integer, default=32) – Maximum block size in either direction

  • warpx_max_grid_size_x (integer, optional) – Maximum block size in x direction

  • warpx_max_grid_size_y (integer, optional) – Maximum block size in z direction

  • warpx_max_grid_size_z (integer, optional) – Maximum block size in z direction

  • warpx_blocking_factor (integer, optional) – Blocking factor (which controls the block size)

  • warpx_blocking_factor_x (integer, optional) – Blocking factor (which controls the block size) in the x direction

  • warpx_blocking_factor_y (integer, optional) – Blocking factor (which controls the block size) in the z direction

  • warpx_blocking_factor_z (integer, optional) – Blocking factor (which controls the block size) in the z direction

  • warpx_potential_lo_x (float, default=0.) – Electrostatic potential on the lower x boundary

  • warpx_potential_hi_x (float, default=0.) – Electrostatic potential on the upper x boundary

  • warpx_potential_lo_y (float, default=0.) – Electrostatic potential on the lower z boundary

  • warpx_potential_hi_y (float, default=0.) – Electrostatic potential on the upper z boundary

  • warpx_potential_lo_z (float, default=0.) – Electrostatic potential on the lower z boundary

  • warpx_potential_hi_z (float, default=0.) – Electrostatic potential on the upper z boundary

  • warpx_start_moving_window_step (int, default=0) – The timestep at which the moving window starts

  • warpx_end_moving_window_step (int, default=-1) – The timestep at which the moving window ends. If -1, the moving window will continue until the end of the simulation.

  • warpx_boundary_u_th (dict, default=None) – If a thermal boundary is used for particles, this dictionary should specify the thermal speed for each species in the form {<species>: u_th}. Note: u_th = sqrt(T*q_e/mass)/clight with T in eV.

class pywarpx.picmi.Cartesian2DGrid(number_of_cells=None, lower_bound=None, upper_bound=None, lower_boundary_conditions=None, upper_boundary_conditions=None, nx=None, ny=None, xmin=None, xmax=None, ymin=None, ymax=None, bc_xmin=None, bc_xmax=None, bc_ymin=None, bc_ymax=None, moving_window_velocity=None, refined_regions=[], lower_bound_particles=None, upper_bound_particles=None, xmin_particles=None, xmax_particles=None, ymin_particles=None, ymax_particles=None, lower_boundary_conditions_particles=None, upper_boundary_conditions_particles=None, bc_xmin_particles=None, bc_xmax_particles=None, bc_ymin_particles=None, bc_ymax_particles=None, guard_cells=None, pml_cells=None, **kw)[source]

Two dimensional Cartesian grid Parameters can be specified either as vectors or separately. (If both are specified, the vector is used.)

Parameters:

  • number_of_cells (vector of integers) – Number of cells along each axis (number of nodes is number_of_cells+1)

  • lower_bound (vector of floats) – Position of the node at the lower bound [m]

  • upper_bound (vector of floats) – Position of the node at the upper bound [m]

  • lower_boundary_conditions (vector of strings) – Conditions at lower boundaries, periodic, open, dirichlet, absorbing_silver_mueller, or neumann

  • upper_boundary_conditions (vector of strings) – Conditions at upper boundaries, periodic, open, dirichlet, absorbing_silver_mueller, or neumann

  • nx (integer) – Number of cells along X (number of nodes=nx+1)

  • ny (integer) – Number of cells along Y (number of nodes=ny+1)

  • xmin (float) – Position of first node along X [m]

  • xmax (float) – Position of last node along X [m]

  • ymin (float) – Position of first node along Y [m]

  • ymax (float) – Position of last node along Y [m]

  • bc_xmin (vector of strings) – Boundary condition at min X: One of periodic, open, dirichlet, absorbing_silver_mueller, or neumann

  • bc_xmax (vector of strings) – Boundary condition at max X: One of periodic, open, dirichlet, absorbing_silver_mueller, or neumann

  • bc_ymin (vector of strings) – Boundary condition at min Y: One of periodic, open, dirichlet, absorbing_silver_mueller, or neumann

  • bc_ymax (vector of strings) – Boundary condition at max Y: One of periodic, open, dirichlet, absorbing_silver_mueller, or neumann

  • moving_window_velocity (vector of floats, optional) – Moving frame velocity [m/s]

  • refined_regions (list of lists, optional) – List of refined regions, each element being a list of the format [level, lo, hi, refinement_factor], with level being the refinement level, with 1 being the first level of refinement, 2 being the second etc, lo and hi being vectors of length 2 specifying the extent of the region, and refinement_factor defaulting to [2,2] (relative to next lower level)

  • lower_bound_particles (vector of floats, optional) – Position of particle lower bound [m]

  • upper_bound_particles (vector of floats, optional) – Position of particle upper bound [m]

  • xmin_particles (float, optional) – Position of min particle boundary along X [m]

  • xmax_particles (float, optional) – Position of max particle boundary along X [m]

  • ymin_particles (float, optional) – Position of min particle boundary along Y [m]

  • ymax_particles (float, optional) – Position of max particle boundary along Y [m]

  • lower_boundary_conditions_particles (vector of strings, optional) – Conditions at lower boundaries for particles, periodic, absorbing, reflect or thermal

  • upper_boundary_conditions_particles (vector of strings, optional) – Conditions at upper boundaries for particles, periodic, absorbing, reflect or thermal

  • bc_xmin_particles (string, optional) – Boundary condition at min X for particles: One of periodic, absorbing, reflect, thermal

  • bc_xmax_particles (string, optional) – Boundary condition at max X for particles: One of periodic, absorbing, reflect, thermal

  • bc_ymin_particles (string, optional) – Boundary condition at min Y for particles: One of periodic, absorbing, reflect, thermal

  • bc_ymax_particles (string, optional) – Boundary condition at max Y for particles: One of periodic, absorbing, reflect, thermal

  • guard_cells (vector of integers, optional) – Number of guard cells used along each direction

  • pml_cells (vector of integers, optional) – Number of Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) cells along each direction

References

absorbing_silver_mueller: A local absorbing boundary condition that works best under normal incidence angle. Based on the Silver-Mueller Radiation Condition, e.g., in

See Input Parameters for more information.

Parameters:

  • warpx_max_grid_size (integer, default=32) – Maximum block size in either direction

  • warpx_max_grid_size_x (integer, optional) – Maximum block size in x direction

  • warpx_max_grid_size_y (integer, optional) – Maximum block size in z direction

  • warpx_blocking_factor (integer, optional) – Blocking factor (which controls the block size)

  • warpx_blocking_factor_x (integer, optional) – Blocking factor (which controls the block size) in the x direction

  • warpx_blocking_factor_y (integer, optional) – Blocking factor (which controls the block size) in the z direction

  • warpx_potential_lo_x (float, default=0.) – Electrostatic potential on the lower x boundary

  • warpx_potential_hi_x (float, default=0.) – Electrostatic potential on the upper x boundary

  • warpx_potential_lo_z (float, default=0.) – Electrostatic potential on the lower z boundary

  • warpx_potential_hi_z (float, default=0.) – Electrostatic potential on the upper z boundary

  • warpx_start_moving_window_step (int, default=0) – The timestep at which the moving window starts

  • warpx_end_moving_window_step (int, default=-1) – The timestep at which the moving window ends. If -1, the moving window will continue until the end of the simulation.

  • warpx_boundary_u_th (dict, default=None) – If a thermal boundary is used for particles, this dictionary should specify the thermal speed for each species in the form {<species>: u_th}. Note: u_th = sqrt(T*q_e/mass)/clight with T in eV.

class pywarpx.picmi.Cartesian1DGrid(number_of_cells=None, lower_bound=None, upper_bound=None, lower_boundary_conditions=None, upper_boundary_conditions=None, nx=None, xmin=None, xmax=None, bc_xmin=None, bc_xmax=None, moving_window_velocity=None, refined_regions=[], lower_bound_particles=None, upper_bound_particles=None, xmin_particles=None, xmax_particles=None, lower_boundary_conditions_particles=None, upper_boundary_conditions_particles=None, bc_xmin_particles=None, bc_xmax_particles=None, guard_cells=None, pml_cells=None, **kw)[source]

One-dimensional Cartesian grid Parameters can be specified either as vectors or separately. (If both are specified, the vector is used.)

Parameters:

  • number_of_cells (vector of integers) – Number of cells along each axis (number of nodes is number_of_cells+1)

  • lower_bound (vector of floats) – Position of the node at the lower bound [m]

  • upper_bound (vector of floats) – Position of the node at the upper bound [m]

  • lower_boundary_conditions (vector of strings) – Conditions at lower boundaries, periodic, open, dirichlet, absorbing_silver_mueller, or neumann

  • upper_boundary_conditions (vector of strings) – Conditions at upper boundaries, periodic, open, dirichlet, absorbing_silver_mueller, or neumann

  • nx (integer) – Number of cells along X (number of nodes=nx+1)

  • xmin (float) – Position of first node along X [m]

  • xmax (float) – Position of last node along X [m]

  • bc_xmin (vector of strings) – Boundary condition at min X: One of periodic, open, dirichlet, absorbing_silver_mueller, or neumann

  • bc_xmax (vector of strings) – Boundary condition at max X: One of periodic, open, dirichlet, absorbing_silver_mueller, or neumann

  • moving_window_velocity (vector of floats, optional) – Moving frame velocity [m/s]

  • refined_regions (list of lists, optional) – List of refined regions, each element being a list of the format [level, lo, hi, refinement_factor], with level being the refinement level, with 1 being the first level of refinement, 2 being the second etc, lo and hi being vectors of length 2 specifying the extent of the region, and refinement_factor defaulting to [2,2] (relative to next lower level)

  • lower_bound_particles (vector of floats, optional) – Position of particle lower bound [m]

  • upper_bound_particles (vector of floats, optional) – Position of particle upper bound [m]

  • xmin_particles (float, optional) – Position of min particle boundary along X [m]

  • xmax_particles (float, optional) – Position of max particle boundary along X [m]

  • lower_boundary_conditions_particles (vector of strings, optional) – Conditions at lower boundaries for particles, periodic, absorbing, reflect or thermal

  • upper_boundary_conditions_particles (vector of strings, optional) – Conditions at upper boundaries for particles, periodic, absorbing, reflect or thermal

  • bc_xmin_particles (string, optional) – Boundary condition at min X for particles: One of periodic, absorbing, reflect, thermal

  • bc_xmax_particles (string, optional) – Boundary condition at max X for particles: One of periodic, absorbing, reflect, thermal

  • guard_cells (vector of integers, optional) – Number of guard cells used along each direction

  • pml_cells (vector of integers, optional) – Number of Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) cells along each direction

References

absorbing_silver_mueller: A local absorbing boundary condition that works best under normal incidence angle. Based on the Silver-Mueller Radiation Condition, e.g., in

See Input Parameters for more information.

Parameters:

  • warpx_max_grid_size (integer, default=32) – Maximum block size in either direction

  • warpx_max_grid_size_x (integer, optional) – Maximum block size in longitudinal direction

  • warpx_blocking_factor (integer, optional) – Blocking factor (which controls the block size)

  • warpx_blocking_factor_x (integer, optional) – Blocking factor (which controls the block size) in the longitudinal direction

  • warpx_potential_lo_z (float, default=0.) – Electrostatic potential on the lower longitudinal boundary

  • warpx_potential_hi_z (float, default=0.) – Electrostatic potential on the upper longitudinal boundary

  • warpx_start_moving_window_step (int, default=0) – The timestep at which the moving window starts

  • warpx_end_moving_window_step (int, default=-1) – The timestep at which the moving window ends. If -1, the moving window will continue until the end of the simulation.

  • warpx_boundary_u_th (dict, default=None) – If a thermal boundary is used for particles, this dictionary should specify the thermal speed for each species in the form {<species>: u_th}. Note: u_th = sqrt(T*q_e/mass)/clight with T in eV.

class pywarpx.picmi.CylindricalGrid(number_of_cells=None, lower_bound=None, upper_bound=None, lower_boundary_conditions=None, upper_boundary_conditions=None, nr=None, nz=None, n_azimuthal_modes=None, rmin=None, rmax=None, zmin=None, zmax=None, bc_rmin=None, bc_rmax=None, bc_zmin=None, bc_zmax=None, moving_window_velocity=None, refined_regions=[], lower_bound_particles=None, upper_bound_particles=None, rmin_particles=None, rmax_particles=None, zmin_particles=None, zmax_particles=None, lower_boundary_conditions_particles=None, upper_boundary_conditions_particles=None, bc_rmin_particles=None, bc_rmax_particles=None, bc_zmin_particles=None, bc_zmax_particles=None, guard_cells=None, pml_cells=None, **kw)[source]

Axisymmetric, cylindrical grid Parameters can be specified either as vectors or separately. (If both are specified, the vector is used.)

Parameters:

  • number_of_cells (vector of integers) – Number of cells along each axis (number of nodes is number_of_cells+1)

  • lower_bound (vector of floats) – Position of the node at the lower bound [m]

  • upper_bound (vector of floats) – Position of the node at the upper bound [m]

  • lower_boundary_conditions (vector of strings) – Conditions at lower boundaries, periodic, open, dirichlet, absorbing_silver_mueller, or neumann

  • upper_boundary_conditions (vector of strings) – Conditions at upper boundaries, periodic, open, dirichlet, absorbing_silver_mueller, or neumann

  • nr (integer) – Number of cells along R (number of nodes=nr+1)

  • nz (integer) – Number of cells along Z (number of nodes=nz+1)

  • n_azimuthal_modes (integer) – Number of azimuthal modes

  • rmin (float) – Position of first node along R [m]

  • rmax (float) – Position of last node along R [m]

  • zmin (float) – Position of first node along Z [m]

  • zmax (float) – Position of last node along Z [m]

  • bc_rmin (vector of strings) – Boundary condition at min R: One of open, dirichlet, absorbing_silver_mueller, or neumann

  • bc_rmax (vector of strings) – Boundary condition at max R: One of open, dirichlet, absorbing_silver_mueller, or neumann

  • bc_zmin (vector of strings) – Boundary condition at min Z: One of periodic, open, dirichlet, absorbing_silver_mueller, or neumann

  • bc_zmax (vector of strings) – Boundary condition at max Z: One of periodic, open, dirichlet, absorbing_silver_mueller, or neumann

  • moving_window_velocity (vector of floats, optional) – Moving frame velocity [m/s]

  • refined_regions (list of lists, optional) – List of refined regions, each element being a list of the format [level, lo, hi, refinement_factor], with level being the refinement level, with 1 being the first level of refinement, 2 being the second etc, lo and hi being vectors of length 2 specifying the extent of the region, and refinement_factor defaulting to [2,2] (relative to next lower level)

  • lower_bound_particles (vector of floats, optional) – Position of particle lower bound [m]

  • upper_bound_particles (vector of floats, optional) – Position of particle upper bound [m]

  • rmin_particles (float, optional) – Position of min particle boundary along R [m]

  • rmax_particles (float, optional) – Position of max particle boundary along R [m]

  • zmin_particles (float, optional) – Position of min particle boundary along Z [m]

  • zmax_particles (float, optional) – Position of max particle boundary along Z [m]

  • lower_boundary_conditions_particles (vector of strings, optional) – Conditions at lower boundaries for particles, periodic, absorbing, reflect or thermal

  • upper_boundary_conditions_particles (vector of strings, optional) – Conditions at upper boundaries for particles, periodic, absorbing, reflect or thermal

  • bc_rmin_particles (string, optional) – Boundary condition at min R for particles: One of periodic, absorbing, reflect, thermal

  • bc_rmax_particles (string, optional) – Boundary condition at max R for particles: One of periodic, absorbing, reflect, thermal

  • bc_zmin_particles (string, optional) – Boundary condition at min Z for particles: One of periodic, absorbing, reflect, thermal

  • bc_zmax_particles (string, optional) – Boundary condition at max Z for particles: One of periodic, absorbing, reflect, thermal

  • guard_cells (vector of integers, optional) – Number of guard cells used along each direction

  • pml_cells (vector of integers, optional) – Number of Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) cells along each direction

References

absorbing_silver_mueller: A local absorbing boundary condition that works best under normal incidence angle. Based on the Silver-Mueller Radiation Condition, e.g., in

This assumes that WarpX was compiled with USE_RZ = TRUE

See Input Parameters for more information.

Parameters:

  • warpx_max_grid_size (integer, default=32) – Maximum block size in either direction

  • warpx_max_grid_size_x (integer, optional) – Maximum block size in radial direction

  • warpx_max_grid_size_y (integer, optional) – Maximum block size in longitudinal direction

  • warpx_blocking_factor (integer, optional) – Blocking factor (which controls the block size)

  • warpx_blocking_factor_x (integer, optional) – Blocking factor (which controls the block size) in the radial direction

  • warpx_blocking_factor_y (integer, optional) – Blocking factor (which controls the block size) in the longitudinal direction

  • warpx_potential_lo_r (float, default=0.) – Electrostatic potential on the lower radial boundary

  • warpx_potential_hi_r (float, default=0.) – Electrostatic potential on the upper radial boundary

  • warpx_potential_lo_z (float, default=0.) – Electrostatic potential on the lower longitudinal boundary

  • warpx_potential_hi_z (float, default=0.) – Electrostatic potential on the upper longitudinal boundary

  • warpx_reflect_all_velocities (bool default=False) – Whether the sign of all of the particle velocities are changed upon reflection on a boundary, or only the velocity normal to the surface

  • warpx_start_moving_window_step (int, default=0) – The timestep at which the moving window starts

  • warpx_end_moving_window_step (int, default=-1) – The timestep at which the moving window ends. If -1, the moving window will continue until the end of the simulation.

  • warpx_boundary_u_th (dict, default=None) – If a thermal boundary is used for particles, this dictionary should specify the thermal speed for each species in the form {<species>: u_th}. Note: u_th = sqrt(T*q_e/mass)/clight with T in eV.

class pywarpx.picmi.EmbeddedBoundary(implicit_function=None, stl_file=None, stl_scale=None, stl_center=None, stl_reverse_normal=False, potential=None, cover_multiple_cuts=None, **kw)[source]

Custom class to handle set up of embedded boundaries specific to WarpX. If embedded boundary initialization is added to picmistandard this can be changed to inherit that functionality. The geometry can be specified either as an implicit function or as an STL file (ASCII or binary). In the latter case the geometry specified in the STL file can be scaled, translated and inverted.

Parameters:

  • implicit_function (string) – Analytic expression describing the embedded boundary

  • stl_file (string) – STL file path (string), file contains the embedded boundary geometry

  • stl_scale (float) – Factor by which the STL geometry is scaled

  • stl_center (vector of floats) – Vector by which the STL geometry is translated (in meters)

  • stl_reverse_normal (bool) – If True inverts the orientation of the STL geometry

  • potential (string, default=0.) – Analytic expression defining the potential. Can only be specified when the solver is electrostatic.

  • cover_multiple_cuts (bool, default=None) – Whether to cover cells with multiple cuts. (If False, this will raise an error if some cells have multiple cuts)

  • arguments. (Parameters used in the analytic expressions should be given as additional keyword) –

Field solvers define the updates of electric and magnetic fields.

class pywarpx.picmi.ElectromagneticSolver(grid, method=None, stencil_order=None, cfl=None, source_smoother=None, field_smoother=None, subcycling=None, galilean_velocity=None, divE_cleaning=None, divB_cleaning=None, pml_divE_cleaning=None, pml_divB_cleaning=None, **kw)[source]

Electromagnetic field solver

Parameters:

  • grid (grid instance) – Grid object for the diagnostic

  • method ({'Yee', 'CKC', 'Lehe', 'PSTD', 'PSATD', 'GPSTD', 'DS', 'ECT'}) –

    The advance method use to solve Maxwell’s equations. The default method is code dependent.

  • stencil_order (vector of integers) – Order of stencil for each axis (-1=infinite)

  • cfl (float, optional) – Fraction of the Courant-Friedrich-Lewy criteria [1]

  • source_smoother (smoother instance, optional) – Smoother object to apply to the sources

  • field_smoother (smoother instance, optional) – Smoother object to apply to the fields

  • subcycling (integer, optional) – Level of subcycling for the GPSTD solver

  • galilean_velocity (vector of floats, optional) – Velocity of Galilean reference frame [m/s]

  • divE_cleaning (bool, optional) – Solver uses div(E) cleaning if True

  • divB_cleaning (bool, optional) – Solver uses div(B) cleaning if True

  • pml_divE_cleaning (bool, optional) – Solver uses div(E) cleaning in the PML if True

  • pml_divB_cleaning – Solver uses div(B) cleaning in the PML if True

See Input Parameters for more information.

Parameters:

  • warpx_pml_ncell (integer, optional) – The depth of the PML, in number of cells

  • warpx_periodic_single_box_fft (bool, default=False) – Whether to do the spectral solver FFTs assuming a single simulation block

  • warpx_current_correction (bool, default=True) – Whether to do the current correction for the spectral solver. See documentation for exceptions to the default value.

  • warpx_psatd_update_with_rho (bool, optional) – Whether to update with the actual rho for the spectral solver

  • warpx_psatd_do_time_averaging (bool, optional) – Whether to do the time averaging for the spectral solver

  • warpx_psatd_J_in_time ({'constant', 'linear'}, default='constant') – This determines whether the current density is assumed to be constant or linear in time, within the time step over which the electromagnetic fields are evolved.

  • warpx_psatd_rho_in_time ({'linear'}, default='linear') – This determines whether the charge density is assumed to be linear in time, within the time step over which the electromagnetic fields are evolved.

  • warpx_do_pml_in_domain (bool, default=False) – Whether to do the PML boundaries within the domain (versus in the guard cells)

  • warpx_pml_has_particles (bool, default=False) – Whether to allow particles in the PML region

  • warpx_do_pml_j_damping (bool, default=False) – Whether to do damping of J in the PML

class pywarpx.picmi.ElectrostaticSolver(grid, method=None, required_precision=None, maximum_iterations=None, **kw)[source]

Electrostatic field solver

Parameters:

  • grid (grid instance) – Grid object for the diagnostic

  • method (string) – One of ‘FFT’, or ‘Multigrid’

  • required_precision (float, optional) – Level of precision required for iterative solvers

  • maximum_iterations – Maximum number of iterations for iterative solvers

See Input Parameters for more information.

Parameters:

  • warpx_relativistic (bool, default=False) – Whether to use the relativistic solver or lab frame solver

  • warpx_absolute_tolerance (float, default=0.) – Absolute tolerance on the lab frame solver

  • warpx_self_fields_verbosity (integer, default=2) – Level of verbosity for the lab frame solver

  • warpx_magnetostatic (bool, default=False) – Whether to use the magnetostatic solver

  • warpx_effective_potential (bool, default=False) – Whether to use the effective potential Poisson solver (EP-PIC)

  • warpx_effective_potential_factor (float, default=4) – If the effective potential Poisson solver is used, this sets the value of C_EP (the method is marginally stable at C_EP = 1)

  • warpx_dt_update_interval (integer, optional (default = -1)) – How frequently the timestep is updated. Adaptive timestepping is disabled when this is <= 0.

  • warpx_cfl (float, optional) – Fraction of the CFL condition for particle velocity vs grid size, used to set the timestep when warpx_dt_update_interval > 0.

  • warpx_max_dt (float, optional) – The maximum allowable timestep when warpx_dt_update_interval > 0.

Object that allows smoothing of fields.

class pywarpx.picmi.BinomialSmoother(n_pass=None, compensation=None, stride=None, alpha=None, **kw)[source]

Describes a binomial smoother operator (applied to grids)

Parameters:

  • n_pass (vector of integers) – Number of passes along each axis

  • compensation (vector of booleans, optional) – Flags whether to apply comensation along each axis

  • stride (vector of integers, optional) – Stride along each axis

  • alpha (vector of floats, optional) – Smoothing coefficients along each axis

Evolve Schemes

These define the scheme use to evolve the fields and particles. An instance of one of these would be passed as the evolve_scheme into the Simulation.

class pywarpx.picmi.ExplicitEvolveScheme[source]

Sets up the explicit evolve scheme

class pywarpx.picmi.ThetaImplicitEMEvolveScheme(nonlinear_solver, theta=None)[source]

Sets up the “theta implicit” electromagnetic evolve scheme

Parameters:

  • nonlinear_solver (nonlinear solver instance) – The nonlinear solver to use for the iterations

  • theta (float, optional) – The “theta” parameter, determining the level of implicitness

class pywarpx.picmi.SemiImplicitEMEvolveScheme(nonlinear_solver)[source]

Sets up the “semi-implicit” electromagnetic evolve scheme

Parameters:

nonlinear_solver (nonlinear solver instance) – The nonlinear solver to use for the iterations

There are several support classes use to specify components of the evolve schemes

class pywarpx.picmi.PicardNonlinearSolver(verbose=None, absolute_tolerance=None, relative_tolerance=None, max_iterations=None, require_convergence=None)[source]

Sets up the iterative Picard nonlinear solver for the implicit evolve scheme

Parameters:

  • verbose (bool, default=True) – Whether there is verbose output from the solver

  • absolute_tolerance (float, default=0.) – Absoluate tolerence of the convergence

  • relative_tolerance (float, default=1.e-6) – Relative tolerance of the convergence

  • max_iterations (integer, default=100) – Maximum number of iterations

  • require_convergence (bool, default True) – Whether convergence is required. If True and convergence is not obtained, the code will exit.

class pywarpx.picmi.NewtonNonlinearSolver(verbose=None, absolute_tolerance=None, relative_tolerance=None, max_iterations=None, require_convergence=None, linear_solver=None, max_particle_iterations=None, particle_tolerance=None)[source]

Sets up the iterative Newton nonlinear solver for the implicit evolve scheme

Parameters:

  • verbose (bool, default=True) – Whether there is verbose output from the solver

  • absolute_tolerance (float, default=0.) – Absoluate tolerence of the convergence

  • relative_tolerance (float, default=1.e-6) – Relative tolerance of the convergence

  • max_iterations (integer, default=100) – Maximum number of iterations

  • require_convergence (bool, default True) – Whether convergence is required. If True and convergence is not obtained, the code will exit.

  • linear_solver (linear solver instance, optional) – Specifies input arguments to the linear solver

  • max_particle_iterations (integer, optional) – The maximum number of particle iterations

  • particle_tolerance (float, optional) – The tolerance of parrticle quantities for convergence

class pywarpx.picmi.GMRESLinearSolver(verbose_int=None, restart_length=None, absolute_tolerance=None, relative_tolerance=None, max_iterations=None)[source]

Sets up the iterative GMRES linear solver for the implicit Newton nonlinear solver

Parameters:

  • verbose_int (integer, default=2) – Level of verbosity of output

  • restart_length (integer, default=30) – How often to restart the GMRES iterations

  • absolute_tolerance (float, default=0.) – Absoluate tolerence of the convergence

  • relative_tolerance (float, default=1.e-4) – Relative tolerance of the convergence

  • max_iterations (integer, default=1000) – Maximum number of iterations

Constants

For convenience, the PICMI interface defines the following constants, which can be used directly inside any PICMI script. The values are in SI units.

  • picmi.constants.c: The speed of light in vacuum.

  • picmi.constants.ep0: The vacuum permittivity \(\epsilon_0\)

  • picmi.constants.mu0: The vacuum permeability \(\mu_0\)

  • picmi.constants.q_e: The elementary charge (absolute value of the charge of an electron).

  • picmi.constants.m_e: The electron mass

  • picmi.constants.m_p: The proton mass

Applied fields

Instances of the classes below need to be passed to the method add_applied_field of the Simulation class.

class pywarpx.picmi.AnalyticInitialField(Ex_expression=None, Ey_expression=None, Ez_expression=None, Bx_expression=None, By_expression=None, Bz_expression=None, lower_bound=[None, None, None], upper_bound=[None, None, None], **kw)[source]

Describes an analytic applied field

The expressions should be in terms of the position and time, written as ‘x’, ‘y’, ‘z’, ‘t’. Parameters can be used in the expression with the values given as additional keyword arguments. Expressions should be relative to the lab frame.

Parameters:

  • Ex_expression (string, optional) – Analytic expression describing Ex field [V/m]

  • Ey_expression (string, optional) – Analytic expression describing Ey field [V/m]

  • Ez_expression (string, optional) – Analytic expression describing Ez field [V/m]

  • Bx_expression (string, optional) – Analytic expression describing Bx field [T]

  • By_expression (string, optional) – Analytic expression describing By field [T]

  • Bz_expression (string, optional) – Analytic expression describing Bz field [T]

  • lower_bound (vector, optional) – Lower bound of the region where the field is applied [m].

  • upper_bound (vector, optional) – Upper bound of the region where the field is applied [m]

class pywarpx.picmi.ConstantAppliedField(Ex=None, Ey=None, Ez=None, Bx=None, By=None, Bz=None, lower_bound=[None, None, None], upper_bound=[None, None, None], **kw)[source]

Describes a constant applied field

Parameters:

  • Ex (float, default=0.) – Constant Ex field [V/m]

  • Ey (float, default=0.) – Constant Ey field [V/m]

  • Ez (float, default=0.) – Constant Ez field [V/m]

  • Bx (float, default=0.) – Constant Bx field [T]

  • By (float, default=0.) – Constant By field [T]

  • Bz (float, default=0.) – Constant Bz field [T]

  • lower_bound (vector, optional) – Lower bound of the region where the field is applied [m].

  • upper_bound (vector, optional) – Upper bound of the region where the field is applied [m]

class pywarpx.picmi.AnalyticAppliedField(Ex_expression=None, Ey_expression=None, Ez_expression=None, Bx_expression=None, By_expression=None, Bz_expression=None, lower_bound=[None, None, None], upper_bound=[None, None, None], **kw)[source]

Describes an analytic applied field

The expressions should be in terms of the position and time, written as ‘x’, ‘y’, ‘z’, ‘t’. Parameters can be used in the expression with the values given as additional keyword arguments. Expressions should be relative to the lab frame.

Parameters:

  • Ex_expression (string, optional) – Analytic expression describing Ex field [V/m]

  • Ey_expression (string, optional) – Analytic expression describing Ey field [V/m]

  • Ez_expression (string, optional) – Analytic expression describing Ez field [V/m]

  • Bx_expression (string, optional) – Analytic expression describing Bx field [T]

  • By_expression (string, optional) – Analytic expression describing By field [T]

  • Bz_expression (string, optional) – Analytic expression describing Bz field [T]

  • lower_bound (vector, optional) – Lower bound of the region where the field is applied [m].

  • upper_bound (vector, optional) – Upper bound of the region where the field is applied [m]

class pywarpx.picmi.LoadInitialField(read_fields_from_path, load_B=True, load_E=True, **kw)[source]

The data read in is used to initialize the E and B fields on the grid at the start of the simulation. The expected format is the file is OpenPMD with axes (x,y,z) in Cartesian, or (r,z) in Cylindrical geometry.

Parameters:

  • read_fields_from_path (string) – Path to file with field data

  • load_B (bool, default=True) – If False, do not load magnetic field

  • load_E (bool, default=True) – If False, do not load electric field

class pywarpx.picmi.PlasmaLens(period, starts, lengths, strengths_E=None, strengths_B=None, **kw)[source]

Custom class to setup a plasma lens lattice. The applied fields are dependent only on the transverse position.

Parameters:

  • period (float) – Periodicity of the lattice (in lab frame, in meters)

  • starts (list of floats) – The start of each lens relative to the periodic repeat

  • lengths (list of floats) – The length of each lens

  • strengths_E=None (list of floats, default = 0.) – The electric field strength of each lens

  • strengths_B=None (list of floats, default = 0.) – The magnetic field strength of each lens

The field that is applied depends on the transverse position of the particle, (x,y)

  • Ex = x*strengths_E

  • Ey = y*strengths_E

  • Bx = +y*strengths_B

  • By = -x*strengths_B

class pywarpx.picmi.Mirror(x_front_location=None, y_front_location=None, z_front_location=None, depth=None, number_of_cells=None, **kw)[source]

Describes a perfectly reflecting mirror, where the E and B fields are zeroed out in a plane of finite thickness.

Parameters:

  • x_front_location (float, optional (see comment below)) – Location in x of the front of the nirror [m]

  • y_front_location (float, optional (see comment below)) – Location in y of the front of the nirror [m]

  • z_front_location (float, optional (see comment below)) – Location in z of the front of the nirror [m]

  • depth (float, optional (see comment below)) – Depth of the mirror [m]

  • number_of_cells (integer, optional (see comment below)) – Minimum numer of cells zeroed out

Only one of the [x,y,z]_front_location should be specified. The mirror will be set perpendicular to the respective direction and infinite in the others. The depth of the mirror will be the maximum of the specified depth and number_of_cells, or the code’s default value if neither are specified.

Diagnostics

class pywarpx.picmi.ParticleDiagnostic(period, species=None, data_list=None, write_dir=None, step_min=None, step_max=None, parallelio=None, name=None, **kw)[source]

Defines the particle diagnostics in the simulation frame

Parameters:

  • period (integer) – Period of time steps that the diagnostic is performed

  • species (species instance or list of species instances, optional) – Species to write out. If not specified, all species are written. Note that the name attribute must be defined for the species.

  • data_list (list of strings, optional) – The data to be written out. Possible values ‘position’, ‘momentum’, ‘weighting’. Defaults to the output list of the implementing code.

  • write_dir (string, optional) – Directory where data is to be written

  • step_min (integer, default=0) – Minimum step at which diagnostics could be written

  • step_max (integer, default=unbounded) – Maximum step at which diagnostics could be written

  • parallelio (bool, optional) – If set to True, particle diagnostics are dumped in parallel

  • name – Sets the base name for the diagnostic output files

See Input Parameters for more information.

Parameters:

  • warpx_format ({plotfile, checkpoint, openpmd, ascent, sensei}, optional) – Diagnostic file format

  • warpx_openpmd_backend ({bp, h5, json}, optional) – Openpmd backend file format

  • warpx_openpmd_encoding ('v' (variable based), 'f' (file based) or 'g' (group based), optional) – Only read if <diag_name>.format = openpmd. openPMD file output encoding. File based: one file per timestep (slower), group/variable based: one file for all steps (faster)). Variable based is an experimental feature with ADIOS2. Default: ‘f’.

  • warpx_file_prefix (string, optional) – Prefix on the diagnostic file name

  • warpx_file_min_digits (integer, optional) – Minimum number of digits for the time step number in the file name

  • warpx_random_fraction (float or dict, optional) – Random fraction of particles to include in the diagnostic. If a float is given the same fraction will be used for all species, if a dictionary is given the keys should be species with the value specifying the random fraction for that species.

  • warpx_uniform_stride (integer or dict, optional) – Stride to down select to the particles to include in the diagnostic. If an integer is given the same stride will be used for all species, if a dictionary is given the keys should be species with the value specifying the stride for that species.

  • warpx_dump_last_timestep (bool, optional) – If true, the last timestep is dumped regardless of the diagnostic period/intervals.

  • warpx_plot_filter_function (string, optional) – Analytic expression to down select the particles to in the diagnostic

class pywarpx.picmi.FieldDiagnostic(grid, period, data_list=None, write_dir=None, step_min=None, step_max=None, number_of_cells=None, lower_bound=None, upper_bound=None, parallelio=None, name=None, **kw)[source]

Defines the electromagnetic field diagnostics in the simulation frame

Parameters:

  • grid (grid instance) – Grid object for the diagnostic

  • period (integer) – Period of time steps that the diagnostic is performed

  • data_list (list of strings, optional) – List of quantities to write out. Possible values ‘rho’, ‘E’, ‘B’, ‘J’, ‘Ex’ etc. Defaults to the output list of the implementing code.

  • write_dir (string, optional) – Directory where data is to be written

  • step_min (integer, default=0) – Minimum step at which diagnostics could be written

  • step_max (integer, default=unbounded) – Maximum step at which diagnostics could be written

  • number_of_cells (vector of integers, optional) – Number of cells in each dimension. If not given, will be obtained from grid.

  • lower_bound (vector of floats, optional) – Lower corner of diagnostics box in each direction. If not given, will be obtained from grid.

  • upper_bound (vector of floats, optional) – Higher corner of diagnostics box in each direction. If not given, will be obtained from grid.

  • parallelio (bool, optional) – If set to True, field diagnostics are dumped in parallel

  • name – Sets the base name for the diagnostic output files

See Input Parameters for more information.

Parameters:

  • warpx_plot_raw_fields (bool, optional) – Flag whether to dump the raw fields

  • warpx_plot_raw_fields_guards (bool, optional) – Flag whether the raw fields should include the guard cells

  • warpx_format ({plotfile, checkpoint, openpmd, ascent, sensei}, optional) – Diagnostic file format

  • warpx_openpmd_backend ({bp, h5, json}, optional) – Openpmd backend file format

  • warpx_openpmd_encoding ('v' (variable based), 'f' (file based) or 'g' (group based), optional) – Only read if <diag_name>.format = openpmd. openPMD file output encoding. File based: one file per timestep (slower), group/variable based: one file for all steps (faster)). Variable based is an experimental feature with ADIOS2. Default: ‘f’.

  • warpx_file_prefix (string, optional) – Prefix on the diagnostic file name

  • warpx_file_min_digits (integer, optional) – Minimum number of digits for the time step number in the file name

  • warpx_dump_rz_modes (bool, optional) – Flag whether to dump the data for all RZ modes

  • warpx_dump_last_timestep (bool, optional) – If true, the last timestep is dumped regardless of the diagnostic period/intervals.

  • warpx_particle_fields_to_plot (list of ParticleFieldDiagnostics) – List of ParticleFieldDiagnostic classes to install in the simulation. Error checking is handled in the class itself.

  • warpx_particle_fields_species (list of strings, optional) – Species for which to calculate particle_fields_to_plot functions. Fields will be calculated separately for each specified species. If not passed, default is all of the available particle species.

class pywarpx.picmi.TimeAveragedFieldDiagnostic(grid, period, data_list=None, write_dir=None, step_min=None, step_max=None, number_of_cells=None, lower_bound=None, upper_bound=None, parallelio=None, name=None, **kw)[source]

Defines the electromagnetic field diagnostics in the simulation frame

Parameters:

  • grid (grid instance) – Grid object for the diagnostic

  • period (integer) – Period of time steps that the diagnostic is performed

  • data_list (list of strings, optional) – List of quantities to write out. Possible values ‘rho’, ‘E’, ‘B’, ‘J’, ‘Ex’ etc. Defaults to the output list of the implementing code.

  • write_dir (string, optional) – Directory where data is to be written

  • step_min (integer, default=0) – Minimum step at which diagnostics could be written

  • step_max (integer, default=unbounded) – Maximum step at which diagnostics could be written

  • number_of_cells (vector of integers, optional) – Number of cells in each dimension. If not given, will be obtained from grid.

  • lower_bound (vector of floats, optional) – Lower corner of diagnostics box in each direction. If not given, will be obtained from grid.

  • upper_bound (vector of floats, optional) – Higher corner of diagnostics box in each direction. If not given, will be obtained from grid.

  • parallelio (bool, optional) – If set to True, field diagnostics are dumped in parallel

  • name – Sets the base name for the diagnostic output files

See Input Parameters for more information.

Parameters:

  • warpx_plot_raw_fields (bool, optional) – Flag whether to dump the raw fields

  • warpx_plot_raw_fields_guards (bool, optional) – Flag whether the raw fields should include the guard cells

  • warpx_format ({plotfile, checkpoint, openpmd, ascent, sensei}, optional) – Diagnostic file format

  • warpx_openpmd_backend ({bp, h5, json}, optional) – Openpmd backend file format

  • warpx_openpmd_encoding ('v' (variable based), 'f' (file based) or 'g' (group based), optional) – Only read if <diag_name>.format = openpmd. openPMD file output encoding. File based: one file per timestep (slower), group/variable based: one file for all steps (faster)). Variable based is an experimental feature with ADIOS2. Default: ‘f’.

  • warpx_file_prefix (string, optional) – Prefix on the diagnostic file name

  • warpx_file_min_digits (integer, optional) – Minimum number of digits for the time step number in the file name

  • warpx_dump_rz_modes (bool, optional) – Flag whether to dump the data for all RZ modes

  • warpx_dump_last_timestep (bool, optional) – If true, the last timestep is dumped regardless of the diagnostic period/intervals.

  • warpx_particle_fields_to_plot (list of ParticleFieldDiagnostics) – List of ParticleFieldDiagnostic classes to install in the simulation. Error checking is handled in the class itself.

  • warpx_particle_fields_species – Species for which to calculate particle_fields_to_plot functions. Fields will be calculated separately for each specified species. If not passed, default is all of the available particle species.

See Input Parameters for more information.

Parameters:

  • warpx_time_average_mode (str) –

    Type of time averaging diagnostic Supported values include "none", "fixed_start", and "dynamic_start"

    • "none" for no averaging (instantaneous fields)

    • "fixed_start" for a diagnostic that averages all fields between the current output step and a fixed point in time

    • "dynamic_start" for a constant averaging period and output at different points in time (non-overlapping)

  • warpx_average_period_steps (int, optional) – Configures the number of time steps in an averaging period. Set this only in the "dynamic_start" mode and only if warpx_average_period_time has not already been set. Will be ignored in the "fixed_start" mode (with warning).

  • warpx_average_period_time (float, optional) – Configures the time (SI units) in an averaging period. Set this only in the "dynamic_start" mode and only if average_period_steps has not already been set. Will be ignored in the "fixed_start" mode (with warning).

  • warpx_average_start_steps (int, optional) – Configures the time step at which time-averaging begins. Set this only in the "fixed_start" mode. Will be ignored in the "dynamic_start" mode (with warning).

pywarpx.picmi.ElectrostaticFieldDiagnostic

alias of FieldDiagnostic

class pywarpx.picmi.Checkpoint(period=1, write_dir=None, name=None, **kw)[source]

Sets up checkpointing of the simulation, allowing for later restarts

See Input Parameters for more information.

Parameters:

  • warpx_file_prefix (string) – The prefix to the checkpoint directory names

  • warpx_file_min_digits (integer) – Minimum number of digits for the time step number in the checkpoint directory name.

class pywarpx.picmi.ReducedDiagnostic(diag_type, name=None, period=None, path=None, extension=None, separator=None, **kw)[source]

Sets up a reduced diagnostic in the simulation.

See Input Parameters for more information.

Parameters:

  • diag_type (string) – The type of reduced diagnostic. See the link above for all the different types of reduced diagnostics available.

  • name (string) – The name of this diagnostic which will also be the name of the data file written to disk.

  • period (integer) – The simulation step interval at which to output this diagnostic.

  • path (string) – The file path in which the diagnostic file should be written.

  • extension (string) – The file extension used for the diagnostic output.

  • separator (string) – The separator between row values in the output file.

  • species (species instance) – The name of the species for which to calculate the diagnostic, required for diagnostic types ‘BeamRelevant’, ‘ParticleHistogram’, ‘ParticleHistogram2D’, and ‘ParticleExtrema’

  • bin_number (integer) – For diagnostic type ‘ParticleHistogram’, the number of bins used for the histogram

  • bin_max (float) – For diagnostic type ‘ParticleHistogram’, the maximum value of the bins

  • bin_min (float) – For diagnostic type ‘ParticleHistogram’, the minimum value of the bins

  • normalization ({'unity_particle_weight', 'max_to_unity', 'area_to_unity'}, optional) – For diagnostic type ‘ParticleHistogram’, normalization method of the histogram.

  • histogram_function (string) – For diagnostic type ‘ParticleHistogram’, the function evaluated to produce the histogram data

  • filter_function (string, optional) – For diagnostic types ‘ParticleHistogram’ and ‘ParticleHistogram2D’, the function to filter whether particles are included in the histogram

  • bin_max_abs (float) – For diagnostic type ‘ParticleHistogram2D’, the maximum value of the bins for the abscissa axis.

  • bin_max_ord (float) – For diagnostic type ‘ParticleHistogram2D’, the maximum value of the bins for the ordinate axis.

  • bin_min_abs (float) – For diagnostic type ‘ParticleHistogram2D’, the minimum value of the bins for the abscissa axis.

  • bin_min_ord (float) – For diagnostic type ‘ParticleHistogram2D’, the minimum value of the bins for the ordinate axis.

  • bin_number_abs (integer) – For diagnostic type ‘ParticleHistogram2D’, the number of bins used for the histogram for the abscissa axis.

  • bin_number_ord (integer) – For diagnostic type ‘ParticleHistogram2D’, the number of bins used for the histogram for the ordinate axis.

  • histogram_function_abs (string) – For diagnostic type ‘ParticleHistogram2D’, the histogram function for the abscissa axis.

  • histogram_function_ord (string) – For diagnostic type ‘ParticleHistogram2D’, the histogram function for the ordinate axis.

  • value_function (string, optional) – For diagnostic type ‘ParticleHistogram2D’, the expression for the weight used to calculate the histogram.

  • reduced_function (string) – For diagnostic type ‘FieldReduction’, the function of the fields to evaluate

  • weighting_function (string, optional) – For diagnostic type ‘ChargeOnEB’, the function to weight contributions to the total charge

  • reduction_type ({'Maximum', 'Minimum', or 'Integral'}) – For diagnostic type ‘FieldReduction’, the type of reduction

  • probe_geometry ({'Point', 'Line', 'Plane'}, default='Point') – For diagnostic type ‘FieldProbe’, the geometry of the probe

  • integrate (bool, default=false) – For diagnostic type ‘FieldProbe’, whether the field is integrated

  • do_moving_window_FP (bool, default=False) – For diagnostic type ‘FieldProbe’, whether the moving window is followed

  • x_probe (floats) – For diagnostic type ‘FieldProbe’, a probe location. For ‘Point’, the location of the point. For ‘Line’, the start of the line. For ‘Plane’, the center of the square detector.

  • y_probe (floats) – For diagnostic type ‘FieldProbe’, a probe location. For ‘Point’, the location of the point. For ‘Line’, the start of the line. For ‘Plane’, the center of the square detector.

  • z_probe (floats) – For diagnostic type ‘FieldProbe’, a probe location. For ‘Point’, the location of the point. For ‘Line’, the start of the line. For ‘Plane’, the center of the square detector.

  • interp_order (integer) – For diagnostic type ‘FieldProbe’, the interpolation order for ‘Line’ and ‘Plane’

  • resolution (integer) – For diagnostic type ‘FieldProbe’, the number of points along the ‘Line’ or along each edge of the square ‘Plane’

  • x1_probe (floats) – For diagnostic type ‘FieldProbe’, the end point for ‘Line’

  • y1_probe (floats) – For diagnostic type ‘FieldProbe’, the end point for ‘Line’

  • z1_probe (floats) – For diagnostic type ‘FieldProbe’, the end point for ‘Line’

  • detector_radius (float) – For diagnostic type ‘FieldProbe’, the detector “radius” (half edge length) of the ‘Plane’

  • target_normal_x (floats) – For diagnostic type ‘FieldProbe’, the normal vector to the ‘Plane’. Only applicable in 3D

  • target_normal_y (floats) – For diagnostic type ‘FieldProbe’, the normal vector to the ‘Plane’. Only applicable in 3D

  • target_normal_z (floats) – For diagnostic type ‘FieldProbe’, the normal vector to the ‘Plane’. Only applicable in 3D

  • target_up_x (floats) – For diagnostic type ‘FieldProbe’, the vector specifying up in the ‘Plane’

  • target_up_y (floats) – For diagnostic type ‘FieldProbe’, the vector specifying up in the ‘Plane’

  • target_up_z (floats) – For diagnostic type ‘FieldProbe’, the vector specifying up in the ‘Plane’

Lab-frame diagnostics diagnostics are used when running boosted-frame simulations.

class pywarpx.picmi.LabFrameParticleDiagnostic(grid, num_snapshots, dt_snapshots, data_list=None, time_start=0.0, species=None, write_dir=None, parallelio=None, name=None, **kw)[source]

Defines the particle diagnostics in the lab frame

Parameters:

  • grid (grid instance) – Grid object for the diagnostic

  • num_snapshots (integer) – Number of lab frame snapshots to make

  • dt_snapshots (float) – Time between each snapshot in lab frame

  • species (species instance or list of species instances, optional) – Species to write out. If not specified, all species are written. Note that the name attribute must be defined for the species.

  • data_list (list of strings, optional) – The data to be written out. Possible values ‘position’, ‘momentum’, ‘weighting’. Defaults to the output list of the implementing code.

  • time_start (float, default=0) – Time for the first snapshot in lab frame

  • write_dir (string, optional) – Directory where data is to be written

  • parallelio (bool, optional) – If set to True, particle diagnostics are dumped in parallel

  • name – Sets the base name for the diagnostic output files

See Input Parameters for more information.

Parameters:

  • warpx_format (string, optional) – Passed to <diagnostic name>.format

  • warpx_openpmd_backend (string, optional) – Passed to <diagnostic name>.openpmd_backend

  • warpx_openpmd_encoding ('f' (file based) or 'g' (group based), optional) – Only read if <diag_name>.format = openpmd. openPMD file output encoding. File based: one file per timestep (slower), group/variable based: one file for all steps (faster)). Default: ‘f’.

  • warpx_file_prefix (string, optional) – Passed to <diagnostic name>.file_prefix

  • warpx_intervals (integer or string) – Selects the snapshots to be made, instead of using “num_snapshots” which makes all snapshots. “num_snapshots” is ignored.

  • warpx_file_min_digits (integer, optional) – Passed to <diagnostic name>.file_min_digits

  • warpx_buffer_size (integer, optional) – Passed to <diagnostic name>.buffer_size

class pywarpx.picmi.LabFrameFieldDiagnostic(grid, num_snapshots, dt_snapshots, data_list=None, z_subsampling=1, time_start=0.0, write_dir=None, parallelio=None, name=None, **kw)[source]

Defines the electromagnetic field diagnostics in the lab frame

Parameters:

  • grid (grid instance) – Grid object for the diagnostic

  • num_snapshots (integer) – Number of lab frame snapshots to make

  • dt_snapshots (float) – Time between each snapshot in lab frame

  • data_list (list of strings, optional) – List of quantities to write out. Possible values ‘rho’, ‘E’, ‘B’, ‘J’, ‘Ex’ etc. Defaults to the output list of the implementing code.

  • z_subsampling (integer, default=1) – A factor which is applied on the resolution of the lab frame reconstruction

  • time_start (float, default=0) – Time for the first snapshot in lab frame

  • write_dir (string, optional) – Directory where data is to be written

  • parallelio (bool, optional) – If set to True, field diagnostics are dumped in parallel

  • name – Sets the base name for the diagnostic output files

See Input Parameters for more information.

Parameters:

  • warpx_format (string, optional) – Passed to <diagnostic name>.format

  • warpx_openpmd_backend (string, optional) – Passed to <diagnostic name>.openpmd_backend

  • warpx_openpmd_encoding ('f' (file based) or 'g' (group based), optional) – Only read if <diag_name>.format = openpmd. openPMD file output encoding. File based: one file per timestep (slower), group/variable based: one file for all steps (faster)). Default: ‘f’.

  • warpx_file_prefix (string, optional) – Passed to <diagnostic name>.file_prefix

  • warpx_intervals (integer or string) – Selects the snapshots to be made, instead of using “num_snapshots” which makes all snapshots. “num_snapshots” is ignored.

  • warpx_file_min_digits (integer, optional) – Passed to <diagnostic name>.file_min_digits

  • warpx_buffer_size (integer, optional) – Passed to <diagnostic name>.buffer_size

  • warpx_lower_bound (vector of floats, optional) – Passed to <diagnostic name>.lower_bound

  • warpx_upper_bound (vector of floats, optional) – Passed to <diagnostic name>.upper_bound

Particles

Species objects are a collection of particles with similar properties. For instance, background plasma electrons, background plasma ions and an externally injected beam could each be their own particle species.

class pywarpx.picmi.Species(particle_type=None, name=None, charge_state=None, charge=None, mass=None, initial_distribution=None, particle_shape=None, density_scale=None, method=None, **kw)[source]

Sets up the species to be simulated. The species charge and mass can be specified by setting the particle type or by setting them directly. If the particle type is specified, the charge or mass can be set to override the value from the type.

Parameters:

  • particle_type (string, optional) – A string specifying an elementary particle, atom, or other, as defined in the openPMD 2 species type extension, openPMD-standard/EXT_SpeciesType.md

  • name (string, optional) – Name of the species

  • method ({'Boris', 'Vay', 'Higuera-Cary', 'Li' , 'free-streaming', 'LLRK4'}) –

    The particle advance method to use. Code-specific method can be specified using ‘other:<method>’. The default is code dependent.

    • ’Boris’: Standard “leap-frog” Boris advance

    • ’Vay’:

    • ’Higuera-Cary’:

    • ’Li’ :

    • ’free-streaming’: Advance with no fields

    • ’LLRK4’: Landau-Lifschitz radiation reaction formula with RK-4)

  • charge_state (float, optional) – Charge state of the species (applies only to atoms) [1]

  • charge (float, optional) – Particle charge, required when type is not specified, otherwise determined from type [C]

  • mass (float, optional) – Particle mass, required when type is not specified, otherwise determined from type [kg]

  • initial_distribution (distribution instance) – The initial distribution loaded at t=0. Must be one of the standard distributions implemented.

  • density_scale (float, optional) – A scale factor on the density given by the initial_distribution

  • particle_shape – Particle shape used for deposition and gather. If not specified, the value from the Simulation object will be used. Other values maybe specified that are code dependent.

See Input Parameters for more information.

Parameters:

  • warpx_boost_adjust_transverse_positions (bool, default=False) – Whether to adjust transverse positions when apply the boost to the simulation frame

  • warpx_self_fields_required_precision (float, default=1.e-11) – Relative precision on the electrostatic solver (when using the relativistic solver)

  • warpx_self_fields_absolute_tolerance (float, default=0.) – Absolute precision on the electrostatic solver (when using the relativistic solver)

  • warpx_self_fields_max_iters (integer, default=200) – Maximum number of iterations for the electrostatic solver for the species

  • warpx_self_fields_verbosity (integer, default=2) – Level of verbosity for the electrostatic solver

  • warpx_save_previous_position (bool, default=False) – Whether to save the old particle positions

  • warpx_do_not_deposit (bool, default=False) – Whether or not to deposit the charge and current density for for this species

  • warpx_do_not_push (bool, default=False) – Whether or not to push this species

  • warpx_do_not_gather (bool, default=False) – Whether or not to gather the fields from grids for this species

  • warpx_random_theta (bool, default=True) – Whether or not to add random angle to the particles in theta when in RZ mode.

  • warpx_reflection_model_xlo (string, default='0.') – Expression (in terms of the velocity “v”) specifying the probability that the particle will reflect on the lower x boundary

  • warpx_reflection_model_xhi (string, default='0.') – Expression (in terms of the velocity “v”) specifying the probability that the particle will reflect on the upper x boundary

  • warpx_reflection_model_ylo (string, default='0.') – Expression (in terms of the velocity “v”) specifying the probability that the particle will reflect on the lower y boundary

  • warpx_reflection_model_yhi (string, default='0.') – Expression (in terms of the velocity “v”) specifying the probability that the particle will reflect on the upper y boundary

  • warpx_reflection_model_zlo (string, default='0.') – Expression (in terms of the velocity “v”) specifying the probability that the particle will reflect on the lower z boundary

  • warpx_reflection_model_zhi (string, default='0.') – Expression (in terms of the velocity “v”) specifying the probability that the particle will reflect on the upper z boundary

  • warpx_save_particles_at_xlo (bool, default=False) – Whether to save particles lost at the lower x boundary

  • warpx_save_particles_at_xhi (bool, default=False) – Whether to save particles lost at the upper x boundary

  • warpx_save_particles_at_ylo (bool, default=False) – Whether to save particles lost at the lower y boundary

  • warpx_save_particles_at_yhi (bool, default=False) – Whether to save particles lost at the upper y boundary

  • warpx_save_particles_at_zlo (bool, default=False) – Whether to save particles lost at the lower z boundary

  • warpx_save_particles_at_zhi (bool, default=False) – Whether to save particles lost at the upper z boundary

  • warpx_save_particles_at_eb (bool, default=False) – Whether to save particles lost at the embedded boundary

  • warpx_do_resampling (bool, default=False) – Whether particles will be resampled

  • warpx_resampling_min_ppc (int, default=1) – Cells with fewer particles than this number will be skipped during resampling.

  • warpx_resampling_algorithm_target_weight (float) – Weight that the product particles from resampling will not exceed.

  • warpx_resampling_trigger_intervals (bool, default=0) – Timesteps at which to resample

  • warpx_resampling_trigger_max_avg_ppc (int, default=infinity) – Resampling will be done when the average number of particles per cell exceeds this number

  • warpx_resampling_algorithm (str, default="leveling_thinning") – Resampling algorithm to use.

  • warpx_resampling_algorithm_velocity_grid_type (str, default="spherical") – Type of grid to use when clustering particles in velocity space. Only applicable with the velocity_coincidence_thinning algorithm.

  • warpx_resampling_algorithm_delta_ur (float) – Size of velocity window used for clustering particles during grid-based merging, with velocity_grid_type == “spherical”.

  • warpx_resampling_algorithm_n_theta (int) – Number of bins to use in theta when clustering particle velocities during grid-based merging, with velocity_grid_type == “spherical”.

  • warpx_resampling_algorithm_n_phi (int) – Number of bins to use in phi when clustering particle velocities during grid-based merging, with velocity_grid_type == “spherical”.

  • warpx_resampling_algorithm_delta_u (array of floats or float) – Size of velocity window used in ux, uy and uz for clustering particles during grid-based merging, with velocity_grid_type == “cartesian”. If a single number is given the same du value will be used in all three directions.

  • warpx_add_int_attributes (dict) – Dictionary of extra integer particle attributes initialized from an expression that is a function of the variables (x, y, z, ux, uy, uz, t).

  • warpx_add_real_attributes (dict) – Dictionary of extra real particle attributes initialized from an expression that is a function of the variables (x, y, z, ux, uy, uz, t).

class pywarpx.picmi.MultiSpecies(particle_types=None, names=None, charge_states=None, charges=None, masses=None, proportions=None, initial_distribution=None, particle_shape=None, **kw)[source]

INCOMPLETE: proportions argument is not implemented Multiple species that are initialized with the same distribution. Each parameter can be list, giving a value for each species, or a single value which is given to all species. The species charge and mass can be specified by setting the particle type or by setting them directly. If the particle type is specified, the charge or mass can be set to override the value from the type.

Parameters:

  • particle_types (list of strings, optional) – A string specifying an elementary particle, atom, or other, as defined in the openPMD 2 species type extension, openPMD-standard/EXT_SpeciesType.md

  • names (list of strings, optional) – Names of the species

  • charge_states (list of floats, optional) – Charge states of the species (applies only to atoms)

  • charges (list of floats, optional) – Particle charges, required when type is not specified, otherwise determined from type [C]

  • masses (list of floats, optional) – Particle masses, required when type is not specified, otherwise determined from type [kg]

  • proportions (list of floats, optional) – Proportions of the initial distribution made up by each species

  • initial_distribution (distribution instance) – Initial particle distribution, applied to all species

  • particle_shape ({'NGP', 'linear', 'quadratic', 'cubic'}) – Particle shape used for deposition and gather. If not specified, the value from the Simulation object will be used. Other values maybe specified that are code dependent.

Particle distributions can be used for to initialize particles in a particle species.

class pywarpx.picmi.GaussianBunchDistribution(n_physical_particles, rms_bunch_size, rms_velocity=[0.0, 0.0, 0.0], centroid_position=[0.0, 0.0, 0.0], centroid_velocity=[0.0, 0.0, 0.0], velocity_divergence=[0.0, 0.0, 0.0], **kw)[source]

Describes a Gaussian distribution of particles

Parameters:

  • n_physical_particles (integer) – Number of physical particles in the bunch

  • rms_bunch_size (vector of length 3 of floats) – RMS bunch size at t=0 [m]

  • rms_velocity (vector of length 3 of floats, default=[0.,0.,0.]) – RMS velocity spread at t=0 [m/s]

  • centroid_position (vector of length 3 of floats, default=[0.,0.,0.]) – Position of the bunch centroid at t=0 [m]

  • centroid_velocity (vector of length 3 of floats, default=[0.,0.,0.]) – Velocity (gamma*V) of the bunch centroid at t=0 [m/s]

  • velocity_divergence (vector of length 3 of floats, default=[0.,0.,0.]) – Expansion rate of the bunch at t=0 [m/s/m]

class pywarpx.picmi.UniformDistribution(density, lower_bound=[None, None, None], upper_bound=[None, None, None], rms_velocity=[0.0, 0.0, 0.0], directed_velocity=[0.0, 0.0, 0.0], fill_in=None, **kw)[source]

Describes a uniform density distribution of particles

Parameters:

  • density (float) – Physical number density [m^-3]

  • lower_bound (vector of length 3 of floats, optional) – Lower bound of the distribution [m]

  • upper_bound (vector of length 3 of floats, optional) – Upper bound of the distribution [m]

  • rms_velocity (vector of length 3 of floats, default=[0.,0.,0.]) – Thermal velocity spread [m/s]

  • directed_velocity (vector of length 3 of floats, default=[0.,0.,0.]) – Directed, average, proper velocity [m/s]

  • fill_in (bool, optional) – Flags whether to fill in the empty spaced opened up when the grid moves

class pywarpx.picmi.AnalyticDistribution(density_expression, momentum_expressions=[None, None, None], momentum_spread_expressions=[None, None, None], lower_bound=[None, None, None], upper_bound=[None, None, None], rms_velocity=[0.0, 0.0, 0.0], directed_velocity=[0.0, 0.0, 0.0], fill_in=None, **kw)[source]

Describes a plasma with density following a provided analytic expression

Parameters:

  • density_expression (string) – Analytic expression describing physical number density (string) [m^-3]. Expression should be in terms of the position, written as ‘x’, ‘y’, and ‘z’. Parameters can be used in the expression with the values given as keyword arguments.

  • momentum_expressions (list of strings) – Analytic expressions describing the gamma*velocity for each axis [m/s]. Expressions should be in terms of the position, written as ‘x’, ‘y’, and ‘z’. Parameters can be used in the expression with the values given as keyword arguments. For any axis not supplied (set to None), directed_velocity will be used.

  • momentum_spread_expressions (list of strings) – Analytic expressions describing the gamma*velocity Gaussian thermal spread sigma for each axis [m/s]. Expressions should be in terms of the position, written as ‘x’, ‘y’, and ‘z’. Parameters can be used in the expression with the values given as keyword arguments. For any axis not supplied (set to None), zero will be used.

  • lower_bound (vector of length 3 of floats, optional) – Lower bound of the distribution [m]

  • upper_bound (vector of length 3 of floats, optional) – Upper bound of the distribution [m]

  • rms_velocity (vector of length 3 of floats, detault=[0.,0.,0.]) – Thermal velocity spread [m/s]

  • directed_velocity (vector of length 3 of floats, detault=[0.,0.,0.]) – Directed, average, proper velocity [m/s]

  • fill_in (bool, optional) – Flags whether to fill in the empty spaced opened up when the grid moves

This example will create a distribution where the density is n0 below rmax and zero elsewhere.:

.. code-block:: python
dist = AnalyticDistribution(density_expression=’((x**2+y**2)<rmax**2)*n0’,

rmax = 1., n0 = 1.e20, …)

Implementation specific documentation

Parameters:

  • warpx_density_min (float) – Minimum plasma density. No particle is injected where the density is below this value.

  • warpx_density_max (float) – Maximum plasma density. The density at each point is the minimum between the value given in the profile, and density_max.

  • warpx_momentum_spread_expressions (list of string) – Analytic expressions describing the gamma*velocity spread for each axis [m/s]. Expressions should be in terms of the position, written as ‘x’, ‘y’, and ‘z’. Parameters can be used in the expression with the values given as keyword arguments. For any axis not supplied (set to None), zero will be used.

class pywarpx.picmi.UniformFluxDistribution(flux, flux_normal_axis, surface_flux_position, flux_direction, lower_bound=[None, None, None], upper_bound=[None, None, None], rms_velocity=[0.0, 0.0, 0.0], directed_velocity=[0.0, 0.0, 0.0], flux_tmin=None, flux_tmax=None, gaussian_flux_momentum_distribution=None, **kw)[source]

Describes a flux of particles emitted from a plane

Parameters:

  • flux (string) – Analytic expression describing flux of particles [m^-2.s^-1] Expression should be in terms of the position and time, written as ‘x’, ‘y’, ‘z’, and ‘t’.

  • flux_normal_axis (string) – x, y, or z for 3D, x or z for 2D, or r, t, or z in RZ geometry

  • surface_flux_position (double) – location of the injection plane [m] along the direction specified by flux_normal_axis

  • flux_direction (int) – Direction of the flux relative to the plane: -1 or +1

  • lower_bound (vector of floats, optional) – Lower bound of the distribution [m]

  • upper_bound (vector of floats, optional) – Upper bound of the distribution [m]

  • rms_velocity (vector of floats, default=[0.,0.,0.]) – Thermal velocity spread [m/s]

  • directed_velocity (vector of floats, default=[0.,0.,0.]) – Directed, average, proper velocity [m/s]

  • flux_tmin (float, optional) – Time at which the flux injection will be turned on.

  • flux_tmax (float, optional) – Time at which the flux injection will be turned off.

  • gaussian_flux_momentum_distribution – If True, the momentum distribution is v*Gaussian, in the direction normal to the plane. Otherwise, the momentum distribution is simply Gaussian.

  • warpx_inject_from_embedded_boundary (bool) – When true, the flux is injected from the embedded boundaries instead of a plane.

class pywarpx.picmi.AnalyticFluxDistribution(flux, flux_normal_axis, surface_flux_position, flux_direction, lower_bound=[None, None, None], upper_bound=[None, None, None], rms_velocity=[0.0, 0.0, 0.0], directed_velocity=[0.0, 0.0, 0.0], flux_tmin=None, flux_tmax=None, gaussian_flux_momentum_distribution=None, **kw)[source]

Describes a flux of particles emitted from a plane

Parameters:

  • flux (string) – Analytic expression describing flux of particles [m^-2.s^-1] Expression should be in terms of the position and time, written as ‘x’, ‘y’, ‘z’, and ‘t’.

  • flux_normal_axis (string) – x, y, or z for 3D, x or z for 2D, or r, t, or z in RZ geometry

  • surface_flux_position (double) – location of the injection plane [m] along the direction specified by flux_normal_axis

  • flux_direction (int) – Direction of the flux relative to the plane: -1 or +1

  • lower_bound (vector of floats, optional) – Lower bound of the distribution [m]

  • upper_bound (vector of floats, optional) – Upper bound of the distribution [m]

  • rms_velocity (vector of floats, default=[0.,0.,0.]) – Thermal velocity spread [m/s]

  • directed_velocity (vector of floats, default=[0.,0.,0.]) – Directed, average, proper velocity [m/s]

  • flux_tmin (float, optional) – Time at which the flux injection will be turned on.

  • flux_tmax (float, optional) – Time at which the flux injection will be turned off.

  • gaussian_flux_momentum_distribution – If True, the momentum distribution is v*Gaussian, in the direction normal to the plane. Otherwise, the momentum distribution is simply Gaussian.

  • warpx_inject_from_embedded_boundary (bool) – When true, the flux is injected from the embedded boundaries instead of a plane.

class pywarpx.picmi.ParticleListDistribution(x=0.0, y=0.0, z=0.0, ux=0.0, uy=0.0, uz=0.0, weight=0.0, **kw)[source]

Load particles at the specified positions and velocities

Parameters:

  • x (float, default=0.) – List of x positions of the particles [m]

  • y (float, default=0.) – List of y positions of the particles [m]

  • z (float, default=0.) – List of z positions of the particles [m]

  • ux (float, default=0.) – List of ux positions of the particles (ux = gamma*vx) [m/s]

  • uy (float, default=0.) – List of uy positions of the particles (uy = gamma*vy) [m/s]

  • uz (float, default=0.) – List of uz positions of the particles (uz = gamma*vz) [m/s]

  • weight (float) – Particle weight or list of weights, number of real particles per simulation particle

Particle layouts determine how to microscopically place macro particles in a grid cell.

class pywarpx.picmi.GriddedLayout(n_macroparticle_per_cell, grid=None, **kw)[source]

Specifies a gridded layout of particles

Parameters:

  • n_macroparticle_per_cell (vector of integers) – Number of particles per cell along each axis

  • grid (grid instance, optional) – Grid object specifying the grid to follow. If not specified, the underlying grid of the code is used.

class pywarpx.picmi.PseudoRandomLayout(n_macroparticles=None, n_macroparticles_per_cell=None, seed=None, grid=None, **kw)[source]

Specifies a pseudo-random layout of the particles

Parameters:

  • n_macroparticles (integer) – Total number of macroparticles to load. Either this argument or n_macroparticles_per_cell should be supplied.

  • n_macroparticles_per_cell (integer) – Number of macroparticles to load per cell. Either this argument or n_macroparticles should be supplied.

  • seed (integer, optional) – Pseudo-random number generator seed

  • grid (grid instance, optional) – Grid object specifying the grid to follow for n_macroparticles_per_cell. If not specified, the underlying grid of the code is used.

Other operations related to particles:

class pywarpx.picmi.CoulombCollisions(name, species, CoulombLog=None, ndt=None, **kw)[source]

Custom class to handle setup of binary Coulomb collisions in WarpX. If collision initialization is added to picmistandard this can be changed to inherit that functionality.

Parameters:

  • name (string) – Name of instance (used in the inputs file)

  • species (list of species instances) – The species involved in the collision. Must be of length 2.

  • CoulombLog (float, optional) – Value of the Coulomb log to use in the collision cross section. If not supplied, it is calculated from the local conditions.

  • ndt (integer, optional) – The collisions will be applied every “ndt” steps. Must be 1 or larger.

class pywarpx.picmi.DSMCCollisions(name, species, scattering_processes, product_species=None, ndt=None, **kw)[source]

Custom class to handle setup of DSMC collisions in WarpX. If collision initialization is added to picmistandard this can be changed to inherit that functionality.

Parameters:

  • name (string) – Name of instance (used in the inputs file)

  • species (species instance) – The species involved in the collision

  • scattering_processes (dictionary) – The scattering process to use and any needed information

  • product_species (list) – The species produced by collision processes (currently only ionization products are supported).

  • ndt (integer, optional) – The collisions will be applied every “ndt” steps. Must be 1 or larger.

class pywarpx.picmi.MCCCollisions(name, species, background_density, background_temperature, scattering_processes, background_mass=None, max_background_density=None, ndt=None, **kw)[source]

Custom class to handle setup of MCC collisions in WarpX. If collision initialization is added to picmistandard this can be changed to inherit that functionality.

Parameters:

  • name (string) – Name of instance (used in the inputs file)

  • species (species instance) – The species involved in the collision

  • background_density (float or string) – The density of the background. An string expression as a function of (x, y, z, t) can be used.

  • background_temperature (float or string) – The temperature of the background. An string expression as a function of (x, y, z, t) can be used.

  • scattering_processes (dictionary) – The scattering process to use and any needed information

  • background_mass (float, optional) – The mass of the background particle. If not supplied, the default depends on the type of scattering process.

  • max_background_density (float) – The maximum background density. When the background_density is an expression, this must also be specified.

  • ndt (integer, optional) – The collisions will be applied every “ndt” steps. Must be 1 or larger.

class pywarpx.picmi.FieldIonization(model, ionized_species, product_species, **kw)[source]

Field ionization on an ion species

Parameters:

  • model (string) – Ionization model, e.g. “ADK”

  • ionized_species (species instance) – Species that is ionized

  • product_species – Species in which ionized electrons are stored.

WarpX only has ADK ionization model implemented.

Laser Pulses

Laser profiles can be used to initialize laser pulses in the simulation.

class pywarpx.picmi.GaussianLaser(wavelength, waist, duration, propagation_direction, polarization_direction, focal_position, centroid_position, a0=None, E0=None, phi0=None, zeta=None, beta=None, phi2=None, name=None, fill_in=True, **kw)[source]

Specifies a Gaussian laser distribution.

More precisely, the electric field near the focal plane is given by:

\[E(\boldsymbol{x},t) = a_0\times E_0\, \exp\left( -\frac{r^2}{w_0^2} - \frac{(z-z_0-ct)^2}{c^2\tau^2} \right) \cos[ k_0( z - z_0 - ct ) - \phi_{cep} ]\]

where \(k_0 = 2\pi/\lambda_0\) is the wavevector and where \(E_0 = m_e c^2 k_0 / q_e\) is the field amplitude for \(a_0=1\).

Note

The additional terms that arise far from the focal plane (Gouy phase, wavefront curvature, …) are not included in the above formula for simplicity, but are of course taken into account by the code, when initializing the laser pulse away from the focal plane.

Parameters:

  • wavelength (float) – Laser wavelength [m], defined as \(\lambda_0\) in the above formula

  • waist (float) – Waist of the Gaussian pulse at focus [m], defined as \(w_0\) in the above formula

  • duration (float) – Duration of the Gaussian pulse [s], defined as \(\tau\) in the above formula

  • propagation_direction (unit vector of length 3 of floats) – Direction of propagation [1]

  • polarization_direction (unit vector of length 3 of floats) – Direction of polarization [1]

  • focal_position (vector of length 3 of floats) – Position of the laser focus [m]

  • centroid_position (vector of length 3 of floats) – Position of the laser centroid at time 0 [m]

  • a0 (float) – Normalized vector potential at focus Specify either a0 or E0 (E0 takes precedence).

  • E0 (float) – Maximum amplitude of the laser field [V/m] Specify either a0 or E0 (E0 takes precedence).

  • phi0 (float) – Carrier envelope phase (CEP) [rad]

  • zeta (float) – Spatial chirp at focus (in the lab frame) [m.s]

  • beta (float) – Angular dispersion at focus (in the lab frame) [rad.s]

  • phi2 (float) – Temporal chirp at focus (in the lab frame) [s^2]

  • fill_in (bool, default=True) – Flags whether to fill in the empty spaced opened up when the grid moves

  • name (string, optional) – Optional name of the laser

class pywarpx.picmi.AnalyticLaser(field_expression, wavelength, propagation_direction, polarization_direction, amax=None, Emax=None, name=None, fill_in=True, **kw)[source]

Specifies a laser with an analytically described distribution

Parameters:

  • name=None (string, optional) – Optional name of the laser

  • field_expression (string) – Analytic expression describing the electric field of the laser [V/m] Expression should be in terms of the position, ‘X’, ‘Y’, in the plane orthogonal to the propagation direction, and ‘t’ the time. The expression should describe the full field, including the oscillitory component. Parameters can be used in the expression with the values given as keyword arguments.

  • wavelength (float) – Laser wavelength. This should be built into the expression, but some codes require a specified value for numerical purposes.

  • propagation_direction (unit vector of length 3 of floats) – Direction of propagation [1]

  • polarization_direction (unit vector of length 3 of floats) – Direction of polarization [1]

  • amax (float, optional) – Maximum normalized vector potential. Specify either amax or Emax (Emax takes precedence). This should be built into the expression, but some codes require a specified value for numerical purposes.

  • Emax (float, optional) – Maximum amplitude of the laser field [V/m]. Specify either amax or Emax (Emax takes precedence). This should be built into the expression, but some codes require a specified value for numerical purposes.

  • fill_in (bool, default=True) – Flags whether to fill in the empty spaced opened up when the grid moves

Laser injectors control where to initialize laser pulses on the simulation grid.

class pywarpx.picmi.LaserAntenna(position, normal_vector=None, **kw)[source]

Specifies the laser antenna injection method

Parameters:

  • position (vector of strings) – Position of antenna launching the laser [m]

  • normal_vector (vector of strings, optional) – Vector normal to antenna plane, defaults to the laser direction of propagation [1]